下列做法中不符合"以人为本"的学生观的是( )。

【名词&注释】

心理活动(mental activity)、不喜欢(dislike)、积极因素(positive factors)、精加工策略(elaborative strategy)、试金石(touchstone)、一视同仁、感觉器官(sense organ)、客观事物(objective things)、不符合(inconformity)、面向全体学生(facing to all students)

[单选题]下列做法中不符合^{(inconformity)}"以人为本"的学生观的是( )。

A. 针对后进生，李老师善于捕捉后进生身上的积极因素，创造各种条件，促进后进生的转化
B. 张老师能够能以一视同仁、平等相待的态度对待所有的幼儿
C. 李明是一个内向的学生，不喜欢表达自己的观点。刘老师为保护其自尊心，很少提问李明
D. 面对幼儿稀奇古怪的问题，肖老师总是能耐心回答

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学习资料：

[单选题]1949年出版的《课程与教学的基本原理》被公认为现代课程理论的试金石，作者的课程编制被称为目标模式，这位作者是( )。

A. 博比特
B. 施瓦布
C. 泰勒
D. 布莱梅尔德

[单选题]闻到苹果香味，看到苹果红色外观，触摸苹果光滑的果皮等所引起的心理活动是( )。

A. 感觉
B. 知觉
C. 感受性
D. 感觉阈限

[单选题]某学生由于进步明显，老师取消了对他的处分，这种强化方式是( )。

A. 正强化
B. 负强化
C. 消退
D. 惩罚

[单选题]在学生考试失败以后，容易使学生对未来失去信心的归因方式是( )归因。

A. 运气
B. 能力
C. 努力
D. 任务难度

[单选题]"意大利地图的形状像皮靴"是精加工策略中的( )。

A. 谐音法
B. 音符法
C. 经验联系
D. 形象联想

[单选题]请阅读 Passage 2,完成 1~5小题。 　　Passage 2 　　Scientists have been surprised at how deeply culture-the language we speak,the values we absorb-shapes the brain,and are rethinking findings derived from studies of Westerners.To take one recent example,a region behind the forehead called the medial prefrontal cortex supposedly represents the self: it is active when we ( "we" being the Americans in the study) think of our own identity and traits.But with Chinese volunteers,the results were strikingly different.The "me" circuit hummed not only when they thought whether a particular adjective described themselves,but also when they considered whether it described their mother.The Westerners showed no such overlap between self and mom.Depending whether one lives in a culture that views the self as autonomous and unique or as connected to and part of a larger whole,this neural circuit takes on quite different functions. 　　"Cultural neuroscience" ,as this new field is calleD.is about discovering such differences.Some of the findings,as with the "me/mom" circuit,buttress longstanding notions of cultural differences.For instance,it is a cultural cliche that Westerners focus on individual objects while East Asians pay attention to context and background (another manifestation of the individualism-collectivism split).Sure enough,when shown complex,busy scenes,Asian-Americans and non-Asian-Americans recruited different brain regions.The Asians showed more activity in areas that process figure-ground relations-holistic context-while the Americans showed more activity in regions that recognize objects. 　　Psychologist Nalini Ambady of Tufts found something similar when she and colleagues showed drawings of people in a submissive pose (head down,shoulders hunched) or a dominant one (arms crosseD.face forward) to Japanese and Americans.The brain's dopamine-fueled reward circuit became most active at the sight of the stance-dominant for Americans,submissive for Japanese-that each volunteer's culture most values,they reported in 2009.This raises an obvious chicken-and-egg question,but the smart money is on culture shaping the brain,not vice versa.Cultural neuroscience wouldn't be making waves if it found neurobiological bases only for well-known cultural differences.It is also uncovering the unexpected.For instance,a 2006 study found that native Chinese speakers use a different region of the brain to do simple arithmetic (3 + 4) or decide which number is larger than native English speakers do,even though both use Arabic numerals.The Chinese use the circuits that process visual and spatial information and plan movements (the latter may be related to the use of the abacus).But English speakers use language circuits.It is as if the West conceives numbers as just words,but the East imbues them with symboliC.spatial freight.(Insert cliche about Asian math geniuses.) "One would think that neural processes involvng basic mathematical computations are universal," says Ambady,but they "seem to be culture-specific". 　　Not to be the skunk at this party,but I thunk it's important to ask whether neuroscience reveals anything more than we already know from,say,anthropology.For instance,it's well known that East Asian cultures prize the collective over the individual,and that Americans do the opposite.Does identifying brain correlates of those values offer any extra insight? After all,it's not as if anyone thought those values are the result of something in the liver. 　　Ambady thinks cultural neuro-science does advance understanding.Take the me/mom finding,which,she argues,"attests to the strength of the overlap between self and people close to you in collectivistic cultures and the separation in individualistic cultures.It is important to push the analysis to the level of the brain." Especially when it shows how fundamental cultural differences are-so fundamental,perhaps,that "universal" notions such as human rights,democracy,and the like may be no such thing.

Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?

A. Neural processes are likely to be culturally neutral.
B. The brain is believed to be influenced by different cultures.
C. Westerners focus on individualism while East Asians on collectivism.
D. Neuroscience reveals nothing more than we know from anthropology.

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