下列选项中，标志着日本开始全面侵华的事件是( )。

【名词&注释】

自上而下、自下而上(from below)、九一八事变(mukden incident)、七七事变、毕达哥拉斯(pythagoras)、日本关东军(the japanese army in northeast china)、中国军队(chinese army)、智力技能(intellectual skills)、一二八事变(shanghai hostilities)、八一三事变

[单选题]下列选项中，标志着日本开始全面侵华的事件是( )。

A. 九一八事变
B. 一二八事变^{(shanghai hostilities)}
C. 七七事变
D. 八一三事变

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学习资料：

[多选题]教师是既定课程的阐述者和传递者，学生是既定课程的接收者和吸收者，这是新课程倡导的教学观。( )

A. 错

[单选题]教师在书写板书时，要求尽量用白色粉笔，所依据的感知规律是( )。

A. 强度律
B. 差异律
C. 活动律
D. 结合律

[单选题]不属于智力技能^{(intellectual skills)}特点的一项是( )。

A. 动作对象的观念性
B. 动作执行的内潜性
C. 动作结构的简缩性
D. 动作结果的意识性

[单选题]The Ancient Greek philosopher Pythagorasis best known today for his mathematicaltheorem, which haunts the dreams ofmany geometry students, but for centurieshe was also celebrated as the father ofvegetarianism. A meatless diet was referred to as a “Pythagorean diet” for years, up until themodern vegetarian movement began in themid-1800s. 　　While Pythagoras was an early proponent of ameatless diet, humans have been vegetarianssince well before recorded history. Most anthropologists agree that early humanswould have eaten a predominantly plant-based diet; after all, plants can't run away.Additionally, our digestive systems resemblethose of herbivores closer than carnivorous animals. Prehistoric man ate meat, of course,but plants formed the basis of his diet. 　　Pythagoras and his many followers practicedvegetarianism for several reasons, mainly dueto religious and ethical objections. Pythagoras believed all living beings had souls. Animalswere no exception, so meat and fish were banished from his table. Strangely enough, he also banished a vegetable that has a place ofhonor on most vegetarian menus today, thehumble bean. His followers were forbidden to eat or even touch beans, because he thought beans and humans were created from thesame material. Fava beans were especially bad, as they have hollow steams that could allow the souls of the dead to travel up fromthe soil into the growing beans. 　　While the edict against beans was liftednot long after Pythagoras' death, hisfollowers continued to eat a meatless diet.His principles influenced generations of academics and religious thinkers, and it was a group of these like-minded individuals whofounded the Vegetarian Society in English inthe mid-1800s. The virtues of temperance,abstinence and self-control were all tied tovegetarian ideals, while lust, drunkenness and general hooliganism all resulted from a diet too rich in meat products. Notable earlyvegetarians included Leo Tolstoy, George Bernard Shaw, Mahatma Gandhi and American Bronson Alcott, a Transcendentalist teacher,reformer and the father of “Little Women”author Louisa May Alcott. 　　It wasn't until the 1960s that vegetarianismmoved into mainstream American life and themovement's growth picked up speed in the 1970s when a young graduate student namedFrancis Moore Lappe wrote a book called Diet for a Small Planet. In it, she advocated ameatless diet not for ethical or moral reasons,but because plant-based foods have muchless impact on the environment than meat does. Today, many vegetarians refuse meat because of animal rights issues, or concernsover animal treatment, a principle first espoused in Peter Singer's 1975 work AnimalLiberation.

Which of the following statements fails to be inferred from the passage?

A. A meatless diet was supported andpracticed by Pythagoras.
B. After his death, Pythagoras followers continued to eat beans.
C. Pythagoras influenced a lot of peoplewho choose not to eat meat.
D. Pythagoras refused to eat any meatfor religious and ethical reasons.

[单选题]太阳系是太阳和以太阳为中心、受它的引力支配而环绕它运动的天体所构成的系统，其中包含八大行星。下列行星中，距离太阳最远的是( )。

A. 天王星
B. 海王星
C. 土星
D. 木星

[单选题]teachers who adopt the________model for reading comprehension may start teaching atext by introducing new vocabulary and structures.

A. parallel
B. serial
C. top-down
D. bottom-up

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