材料： 　　明月清泉自在怀 孙见喜 　　读王维的《山居秋暝》时

【名词&注释】

主导作用(leading role)、非正式群体(informal group)、客观事物(objective things)、物质享受(material epicureanism)、每一个学生、青年时代(young era)、发生变化、感性认识阶段、取之不尽(inexhaustible)、少先队组织

[多选题]材料： 　　明月清泉自在怀 孙见喜 　　读王维的《山居秋暝》时年龄还小，想象不来"松间明月"的高洁，也不懂得"清泉石上"是怎么样。我虽然诗句背得滚瓜烂熟，其意义依然不懂。什么空山，清泉，渔舟，这些田园风物也只是朦胧，而乡野情致则更模糊了。 　　后来上了大学，有了些古文功底，常常自豪于同窗学友，翻来覆去的"明月松间照，清泉石上流"，也能时常获得师长赞许。而后来深入乡村，那儿有田，却无松竹流泉；及至上了华山、峨眉山，并且专在月夜听泉，古刹闻钟，乘江南渔舟，访溪边浣女，都是寻找王维《山居秋暝》的那种灿烂意境，都为了却"明月松间照，清泉石上流"的那份执着情结，一段时间，于世人纷杂之中，自以为林泉在胸，甚至以渔樵野老自居，说和同事纠纷，劝解祸中难人。自以为心中有了王维，就了却了人间烦恼，看透了红尘纷争；更自以为一壶清茶，便可笑谈古今。 　　真正进入了人生的生存程序一一结婚、生子、住房、柴米油盐等等，才知道青年时代"明月松间照"式的"超脱"，只不过是少年时代"为赋新词强说愁"的浮雕和顺延。真正对王维和他的诗的理解，是在经历了无数生命体验和阅历的堆积之后。人之一生，苦也罢，乐也罢；得也罢，失也罢--要紧的是心间的一泓清泉里不能没有月辉，哲学家培根说过："历史使人明智，诗歌使人灵秀。"顶上的松阴，足下的流泉以及坐下的磐石，何曾因宠辱得失而抛却自在？又何曾因风霜雨雪而易移萎缩？它们自我踏实，不变心性，才有了千年的阅历，万年长久，也有了诗人的神韵和学者的品性。我不止 　　一次地造访过终南山翠华池边那棵苍松，也每年数次带着外地朋友去观览黄帝陵下汉武帝亲手所植的古柏，还常常携着孩子在碑林前面的唐槐边盘桓……这些木中的祖宗，旱天雷摧折过它们的骨干，三九冰冻裂过它们的树皮，甚至它们还挨过野樵顽童的斧斫和毛虫鸟雀的啮啄，然而它们全都无言地忍受了。它们默默地自我修复、自我完善。到头来，这风霜雨雪，这刀斧虫雀，统统化做了其根下营养自身的泥土和涵育情操的"胎盘"。这是何等的气度和胸襟？相形之下，那些不惜以自己的尊严和人格与金钱地位、功名利禄作交换，最终腰缠万贯、飞黄腾达的小人的蝇营狗苟算得了什么，且让他暂去得逞又能怎样？ 　　王维实在是唐朝的爱因斯坦，他把山水景物参悟得那么透彻。坦诚、执着、自识，使王维远离了贪婪、附庸、嫉妒的装饰，从而永葆了自身人品、诗品顽强的生命力。谁又能说不呢？的确，"空山"是一种胸襟，"新雨"是一种态度，"天气"是一种环境，"晚来"是瞬间的境遇。"竹喧"也罢，"莲动"也罢，"春芳"也罢，"王孙"也罢，生活中的诱惑实在太多太多，而物质的欲望永无止境，什么都要的结果最终只能是什么都没有得到。惟有甘于清贫甘于寂寞，自始至终保持独立的人格，这才是人生"取之不尽^{(inexhaustible)}，用之不竭"的精神财富。"明月松间照"，照一片娴静淡泊寄寓我无所栖息的灵魂；"清泉石上流"，流一江春水细浪淘洗我劳累庸碌之身躯。浣女是个好，渔舟是个好，好的质地在于劳作，在于独立，在于思想--这是物质的创造，更是精神的明月清泉。 　　问题： 　　(1)作者写终南山的松、黄帝陵的柏和碑林前的槐，目的是什么？（4分） 　　(2)文中句子"到头来，这风霜雨雪，这刀斧虫雀，统统化做了其根下营养自身的泥土和涵育情操的"胎盘"。""什么都要的结果最终只能是什么都没有得到。"有什么深刻含义？（10分）

A. (1)作者的目的是赞赏它们自我修复、自我完善的气度和胸襟。(2)木中的祖宗从大自然中汲取营养、培养情操：追求物质享受的人最贫穷。

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学习资料：

[单选题]小文是一个很内向的孩子，课堂很少发言，但某天上课她举手的时候，语文老师王老师并没有点她回答问题。小文突然站起来说：老师，您为什么不点我回答问题呢？王老师应当如何回应( )。

A. 我没看到，你举得太低了
B. 下次再叫你
C. 老师很难注意到每一个学生
D. 你今天能举手太好了，我以后多关注你

[单选题]开展教学与发展"实验，以尽可能好的教学效果来促进学生的一般发展。"一般发展"概念的提出者是( )。

A. 巴班斯基
B. 维果斯基
C. 杜威
D. 赞科夫

[单选题]"外行看热闹，内行看门道"体现的是知觉的( )。

A. 选择性
B. 整体性
C. 理解性
D. 恒常性

[单选题]共青团、少先队组织属于( )。

A. 正式群体
B. 一般群体
C. 非正式群体
D. 松散群体

[单选题]教师一句鼓励的话，一个充满信任的眼神，一个能引起共鸣的手势或表情都能使学生受到极大的鼓舞，增添无穷的勇气，取得显著的进步。这属于( )。

A. 感官效应
B. 共鸣效应
C. 罗森塔尔效应
D. 异性效应

[单选题]Passage 2 　　Several research teams have found that newborns prefer their mothers voices over those of other people. Now a team of scientists has gone an intriguing step further: they have found that new borns cry in their native language."We have provided evidence that language begins with the very first cry melodies:'says Kathleen Wermke of the University of Wurzburg, Germany, who led the research. 　　"The dramatic finding of this study is that not only are newborns capable of producing different cry melodies, but they prefer to produce those melody patterns that are typical for the ambient language they have heard during their fetal life, within the last trimester, "said Wermke. "Contrary to orthodox interpretations, these data support the importance of human infants' crying for seeding language development." 　　It had been thought that babies' cries are constrained by their breathing patterns and respiratory apparatus, in which case a crying baby would sound like a crying baby no matter what the culture is, since babies are anatomically identicaI."The prevailing opinion used to be that newborns could not actively influence their production of sound:' says Wermke. This study refutes that claim: since babies cry in different languages, they must have some control (presumably unconscious) over what they sound like rather than being constrained by the acoustical properties of their lungs, throat mouth, and larynx. If respiration alone dictated what a cry soundedlike, all babies would cry with a falling-pitch pattern, since that's what happens as you run out of breath and air pressure on the throats sound-making machinery decreases. French babies apparently didn't get that memo German and French infants produce different types of cries, even though they share the same physiology, " the scientists point out. The Frenh newborns produce 'nonphysiological' rising patterns:'showing that the sound of their cries is under their control. 　　Although phonemes- speech sounds such as"ki"or"sh"-don't cross the abdominal barrier and reach the fetus, So-called prosodic characteristics of speech do. These are the variations in pit rhythm, and intensity that characterize each language. Just as newborns remember and prefer actual songs that they heard in utero, it seems, so they remember and prefer both the sound of Moms voice and the melodic signature of her language. 　　The idea of the study wasn't to make the sound of a screaming baby more interesting to listeners--good luck with that-but to explore how babies acquire speech. That acquisition, it is now clear, begins months before birth, probably in the third trimester. Newborns "not only have memorized the main intonation patterns of their respective surrounding language but are also able to reproduce these patterns in their own ［sound］ production, conclude the scientists. Newborns'"cries are already tuned toward their native language, " giving them a head start on sounding French or German or, presumably, English or American or Chinese or anything else: the scientists are collecting cries from more languages). This is likely part of the explanation for how babies develop spoken language quickly and seemingly without effort. Sure, we may come into the world wired for language(thank you, Noam Chomsky), but we also benefit from the environmental exposure that tells us which language. 　　Until this study, scientists thought that babies became capable of vocal imitation no earlier 12 weeks of age. That's when infants listening to an adult speaker producing vowels can parrot sound. But that's the beginning of true speech. lt's sort of amazing that it took this long for scientists to realize that if they want to see what sounds babies can perceive, remember, and play back,they should look at the sound babies produce best. So let the little angel cry: she's practicing to acquire language.

When does language acquisition begin according to the research?

A. It begins with the birth of a baby
B. It begins before the birth of a baby
C. It begins when a baby starts imitating adults speech
D. It begins with a baby's cry melodies typical of its mother tongue

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