阅读下面材料，根据要求作文。 　　博览群书总还是要的，读书人

【名词&注释】

建构主义理论(constructivism theory)、本质特征(essential characteristic)、建构主义学习理论(constructivist learning theory)、具体内容(concrete contents)、新义务教育法、代表人物(representative)、《中华人民共和国义务教育法》、特殊迁移(specific transfer)、浮光掠影、行为主义心理学(behavioristic psychology)

[多选题]阅读下面材料，根据要求作文。 　　博览群书总还是要的，读书人喜欢说"腹有诗书气自华"，但仔细想想，在人身上真正起作用的，一定是真正读懂、读通、读化了的那几部书。 　　要求： 　　用规范的现代汉语写作。自定立意，自拟题目，自选文本。不少于800字。

A. 【参考范文】参考范文：读书如熬粥 宋真宗说："书中自有千钟粟，书中自有黄金屋，书中自有颜如玉。"培根说："读书使人成为完善的人。"爱迪生说："读书对于智慧，就像体操对于身体一样"。读书是人类认识世界最简单的途径，这一认知放诸古今中外皆准。但同样是读书，为什么有人读出了一个天下，有人读出了满腹经纶，有人读出了锦绣文章，有人却只会"纸上谈兵"，有人却读过即忘。很简单，这和同样是熬粥，有人能熬得鲜香诱人，有人熬出来的却难以下咽一样。 熬粥要选择好米、好水，熬粥要有耐心，须持续，需文火慢炖。读书需要选择好书，需要耐心细读，需经年累月。 读书，贵在选择。世上的书籍浩如烟海，再热衷的书迷也不可能穷尽，只能取一瓢饮。更何况书还有好坏之别，不是随便翻开书本都有益，也不是舀到瓢里都是"水"，必须对饮哪一瓢有所选择。周国平先生谈自己读书的体会，有些"鸡肋"之书，弃之可惜，想粗读一遍，也算对得起它们，可这样的书也有很多，对得起它们的代价就是始终对不起自己。所以"还是要从最好的书读起，一直去读那些最好的书，最后当然没有时间去读较差的书了，不过这就对了"。读好书的目的还在于它关乎人的精神发育。如果不加选择，所读并非精品力作，而是赝品"水货"，就不仅浪费了时间和精力，而且还会败坏阅读"胃口"，影响精神发育，同时也是对生命的一种浪费、对学习的一种亵渎。读好书就是要阅读经典。经典是历经时间的淘漉而筛存馈赠给我们的"真金"，它是人类精神的阳光，是人类最崇高的创造。读这样的书才能使我们思想澄明、视界敞亮，成为富有思想和智慧的人。 读书，贵在耐心细读。晋代陈寿和南朝裴松之都说"读书百遍，其义自见"；苏轼诗云"故书不厌百回读，熟读深思子自知"；金代文学家元好问诗云"文须字字作，亦要字字读。咀嚼有余味，百过良未足"。心急火燎是读不了书的，囫囵吞枣更不会有什么收获，读书不在于读得多少，而在于真正读懂了多少，消化了多少。而反观社会，随着经济社会和科技的发展，人们生活节奏加快，竞争日趋激烈，生活压力大，空闲时间少，能够耐心细读一本书的人越来越少，满足于走马观花、浮光掠影式阅读的越来越多。熬粥，须用文火，方能烹出每一粒米的香糯，读书亦应拿出老牛吃草的耐心，慢慢咀嚼，方能妙悟语言，对话作者，在对作品的深情凝眸中获得心灵的智慧。 读书，贵在持之以恒。心血来潮，高兴时拼命读，兴头过后就丢弃一旁，永远读不好书。真要读书，须善耐寂寞，甘守孤独，持之以恒。一个读书少年向陶渊明求教。陶渊明带他来到田边，指着尺把高的禾苗问："你仔细瞧瞧，它现在是否在长高呢？"少年蹲下来目不转睛地盯着禾苗，看了半天，说："没见长啊。"陶渊明反问："真的没见长吗？那么，春天的秧苗又是怎样变成尺把高的呢？"少年不解地摇头。陶渊明开导说："其实这禾苗每时每刻都在生长，只是我们没察觉到。读书学习也是这样。知识的增长是一点一滴积累的，有时自己都察觉不到。但只要勤学不辍，持之以恒，就会由知之不多变为知之甚多。所以，有人说：‘勤学如春起之苗，不见增长，日有所长。'"读书是一项长期工程，并非朝夕之功。茶余饭后，课间课外，每个紧张忙碌的生活缝隙里，展书一卷，捧在手里，看在眼里，印在心里，用一辈子的时间去对话好书、研读好书，未尝不是一种满足。 有人说读书就要博览群书，但我却认为只有用心选择的书才能契合心灵，才能塌下心来真正走进去；有人说浅阅读才能让人上知天文下知地理，但我却认为，只有读懂、读通、读化一本书，才能被人体消化吸收，成为滋养人体的最佳补品；有人说到用时方读书才是不浪费时间的明智之举，但我却认为持之以恒地读书，让读书成为一种习惯，让读书融进一个人的血液，读书之用才能让人享用不尽，受益无穷。

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学习资料：

[单选题]新义务教育法规定，实施义务教育，不收( )。

A. 学费
B. 杂费
C. 学费、杂费
D. 学费、杂费、住宿费

[单选题]关于Word中的查找与替换功能，下列表述正确的是( )。

A. 不可以制定查找文字的格式，可以指定替换文字的格式
B. 可以指定查找文字的格式，不可以制定替换文字的格式
C. 不可以按指定文字的格式进行查找及替换
D. 可以按指定文字的格式进行查找及替换

[单选题]在教学过程中，采用各种形式使教育系统中各要素，各成分之间形成有机联系的课程形态是( )。

A. 校本课程
B. 综合课程
C. 分科课程
D. 必修课程

[单选题]下列符合建构主义理论的观点是( )。

A. 分析人类行为的关键是对外部事件的考察
B. 决定人类行为的最重要因素是环境
C. 教育的目标在于使外界客观实践内化为学习者内部的认知结构
D. 学习是学习者主动地建构内部心理表征的过程

[单选题]下面说法属于学习负迁移类型的是( )。

A. 举一反三、触类旁通
B. 将所学的原理应用于现实问题解决
C. 两种学习材料有相似之处，学了后一种，巩固了前面的学习
D. 总是把英语字母念成汉语拼音

[单选题]学生力克难题后产生自豪感，这种体验是( )。

A. 应激
B. 美感
C. 道德感
D. 理智感

[单选题]Passage 2 　　According to one account, the hamburgerwas first sold at the Erie County Fair inHamburg, New York, in 1885, by brothersFrank and Charles Menches. The two Ohio brothers had arrived on the grounds of thefair too late to get a supply of chopped porkfor their sandwich concession. The butchersold them beef instead, and after the Buffalo,New York, suburb where they were doing business.Hamburg's claim to be the site ofthe first hamburger is disputed by the townof Seymour, Wisconsin, where a man named Charles Nagreen is claimed to have servedhamburger sandwiches in 1885. 　　Another story about the origins of theubiquitous burger states that in the late 1800'sFletcher Davis, a potter in Athens, Texas,wasn't selling enough pottery. Therefore heopened a lunch counter. His specialty? Aground-beef patty served between slices ofhome-made bread.In 1904 Davis went to theWorld's Fair in St. Louis, Missouri, with hisrecipe, which was, of course, a big hit. At theFair the ground beef sandwich was deemedthe hamburger, because in Hamburg, Germany,ground beef patties were popular, though thepatties there are more like meat loaf and lack a bun. (lt is believed that 19th-century Germansailors learned about eating raw shredded beef, “Steak Tartare，” in the Baltic Provinces.A German cook eventually had the idea of cooking the Tartare mixture.) 　　Fletcher Davis is also credited with servingfried potato strips at the World's Fair. A friendin Paris, Texas, had given him the idea, but a reporter thought that Davis said “Paris,France，”and those potatoes are forevermore“French Fries.”Another contender in the“hamburger invention” contest is Louie'sLunch, a Yale off-campus eatery. This NewHaven, Connecticut, site is said to have firstoffered the burger in 1895. 　　The commercial bun on which hamburgers are now served was created by diner operatorWalter Anderson of Wichita, Kansas, who alsoinvented the modern grill (both events around1916) and then established the chain of White Castle hamburger restaurants.Lionel ClarkSternberger, later proprietor of the Rite Spotsteakhouse in Los Angeles, experimentallytossed a slice of cheese on a hamburger hewas cooking at his father's short-order shop inPasadena, California, in 1924, thus originatingthe cheeseburger. 　　The word “cheeseburger” was patented byLouis Ballast in 1944. Ballast grilled a slice of cheese onto burgers at his Denver, Colorado,drive-in. 　　Well, you know the rest-McDonald's, BurgerKing, Wendy's, White Castle, etc.-burgers everywhere. Some good, some so-so. But certainly an all-American favorite. A “classic.”

How did Fletcher Davis make a living beforestarting to sell his“hamburgers”?

A. He was a sailor in Germany
B. He sold fried potato strips
C. He opened a lunch counter
D. He sold pottery products

[多选题]阅读下面的材料，按要求作文。 　　丹麦队与伊朗队的一场足球赛进行到第45分钟时，场上响起了清晰和响亮的结束哨声。伊朗队后卫队员在球门区内捧起足球，准备交给裁判，裁判却立刻判他手球犯规，并示意丹麦队罚点球。原来，此前的哨音是球迷造假的“杰作”。 　　伊朗队员追着裁判理论，企图说服裁判改变初衷。丹麦队主教练奥尔森悄悄把队长韦格斯特招到场边，告诉他这个点球的来龙去脉和怎样处理这个球。韦格斯特重新回到罚球点，飞起一脚，将球故意踢飞，全场顿时一片哑然，继而爆发出雷鸣般的掌声。在掌声中，裁判吹响了上半场结束的哨音。 　　综合上述材料所引发的联想和感悟，写一篇论说文。 　　要求： 　　用规范的现代汉语写作;角度自选，立意自定，标题自拟;不少于1000字。

A. 作文解答： 这则材料有伊朗队、丹麦队、裁判、球迷等几个主体或角度可以展开论述，但从整体性原则来说，材料显然是赞同丹麦队的，因此，此材料具有一定的倾向性。 丹麦队点球的得来并非是自己“骗”来的，其责任不在自己，完全可以按照规则来发中这个点球，赢得这场比赛。但这个点球毕竟不是靠自己的球技得来的，而是因为场外的意外引起的。于是，丹麦队选择了把点球踢飞，没有占这个“便宜”。丹麦队的这种做法既尊重了裁判的判罚和球赛的规则，又尊重了对手，也因此赢得了全场观众的掌声。 于是，从丹麦队的角度，可以提出从“公平是竞争的基石”“尊重规则更要尊重自己”等等角度去阐述。

[单选题]21.请阅读Passage 1,完成第1~5小题。 　　Passage 1 　　There are two kinds of motive for engaging in any activity:internal and instrumental.If ascientist conducts research because she wants to discover important facts about the world,that'san internal motive,since discovering facts is inherently related to the activity of research.If sheconducts research because she wants to achieve scholarly renown,that's an instrumental motive,since the relation between fame and research is not so inherent.Often,people have both for doingthings. 　　What mix of motives-internal or instrumental or both-is most conducive to success? Youmight suppose that a scientist motivated by a desire to discover facts and by a desire to achieverenown will do better work than a scientist motivated by just one of those desires.Surely twomotives are better than one.But as we and our colleagues argue in a paper newly published in theProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences,instrumental motives are not always an asset andcan actually be counterproductive to success. 　　We analyzed data drawn from 11,320 cadetsin nine entering classes at the United StatesMilitary Academy at West Point,all of whom rated how much each of a set of motives influencedtheir decision to attend the academy.The motives included things like a desire to get a good job laterin life and a desire to be trained as a leader in the United States Army. 　　How did the cadets fare,years later? How did their progress relate to their original motives forattending West Point? 　　We found,unsurprisingly,that the stronger their internal reasons were to attend West Point,themore likely cadets were to graduate and become commissioned officers.Also unsurprisingly,cadetswith internal motives did better in the military (as evidenced by early promotion recommendations)than did those without internal motives and were also more likely to stay in the military after theirfive years ofmandatory service. 　　Remarkably,cadets with strong internal and strong instrumental motives for attending WestPoint performed worse on every measure than did those with strong internal motives but weakinstrumental ones.They were less likely to graduate,less outstanding as military officers and lesscommitted to staying in the military. 　　Our study suggests that efforts should be made to structure activities so that instrumental consequences do not become motives.Helping people focus on the meaning and impact of theirwork,rather than on,say,the financial returns it will bring,may be the best way to improve not onlythe quality oftheir work but also their financial success. 　　There is a temptation among educators and instructors to use whatever motivational tools areavailable to recruit participants or improve performance.If the desire for military excellence andservice to country fails to attract all the recruits that the Army needs,then perhaps appeals to “moneyfor college,”“career training”or“seeing the world”will do the job.While this strategy may luremore recruits,it may also yield worse soldiers.Similarly,for students uninterested in learning,financial incentives for good attendance or pizza parties for high performance may prompt them toparticipate,but it may result in less well-educated students.

Which ofthe following is closest in meaning to the underlined word “cadets” in Paragraph 3?

A. In-service soldiers.
B. Military researchers.
C. Military officers.
D. Military trainees.

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