14岁的小强去某网吧，网吧下列行为符合《未成年人保护法》规定的

【名词&注释】

不良反应(adverse reaction)、不良影响(harmful effects)、学业成绩(academic achievement)、教育家(educator)、智力活动(intellectual activity)、温故而知新、歌舞娱乐场所、教育目的论(educational teleology)、身份证件(authenticity of identity cards)、完成任务(task-performing)

[单选题]14岁的小强去某网吧，网吧下列行为符合《未成年人保护法》规定的有( )。

A. 允许小强进入但不超过两小时
B. 未阻止小强进入
C. 不允许小强进入
D. 要求小强由成年人带领进入

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学习资料：

[单选题]德国教育家凯兴斯泰纳主张"造就合格公民"的教育目的。这种教育目的论^{(educational teleology)}属于( )。

A. 个人本位论
B. 社会本位论
C. 集体本位论
D. 阶层本位论

[单选题]了解智力活动的动作结构，明确活动的方向的阶段是( )。

A. 原型定向
B. 原型操作
C. 原型内化
D. 操作定向

[单选题]在教材呈现策略中"温故而知新"属于( )。

A. 问题研究策略
B. 活动展示策略
C. 新旧知识相互作用的策略
D. 素材处理策略

[多选题]焦虑不利于学生的学习。

A. 这种说法是错误的。焦虑指学生担心不能完成任务^{(task-performing)}时产生的不舒适、紧张和担忧的感觉，焦虑程度影响着学习动机和学业成绩。大量研究表明，中等程度的焦虑对学习是有益的，焦虑程度过低或过高都会对学习产生不良影响。焦虑程度过低则学习动力不足，焦虑程度过高则会导致神经过度紧张、生理节律紊乱、失眠，甚至产生恐惧等不良反应，从而给学习带来不良影响。故题干的说法是错误的。

[单选题]请阅读 Passage 2,完成 1~5小题。 　　Passage 2 　　Scientists have been surprised at how deeply culture-the language we speak,the values we absorb-shapes the brain,and are rethinking findings derived from studies of Westerners.To take one recent example,a region behind the forehead called the medial prefrontal cortex supposedly represents the self: it is active when we ( "we" being the Americans in the study) think of our own identity and traits.But with Chinese volunteers,the results were strikingly different.The "me" circuit hummed not only when they thought whether a particular adjective described themselves,but also when they considered whether it described their mother.The Westerners showed no such overlap between self and mom.Depending whether one lives in a culture that views the self as autonomous and unique or as connected to and part of a larger whole,this neural circuit takes on quite different functions. 　　"Cultural neuroscience" ,as this new field is calleD.is about discovering such differences.Some of the findings,as with the "me/mom" circuit,buttress longstanding notions of cultural differences.For instance,it is a cultural cliche that Westerners focus on individual objects while East Asians pay attention to context and background (another manifestation of the individualism-collectivism split).Sure enough,when shown complex,busy scenes,Asian-Americans and non-Asian-Americans recruited different brain regions.The Asians showed more activity in areas that process figure-ground relations-holistic context-while the Americans showed more activity in regions that recognize objects. 　　Psychologist Nalini Ambady of Tufts found something similar when she and colleagues showed drawings of people in a submissive pose (head down,shoulders hunched) or a dominant one (arms crosseD.face forward) to Japanese and Americans.The brain's dopamine-fueled reward circuit became most active at the sight of the stance-dominant for Americans,submissive for Japanese-that each volunteer's culture most values,they reported in 2009.This raises an obvious chicken-and-egg question,but the smart money is on culture shaping the brain,not vice versa.Cultural neuroscience wouldn't be making waves if it found neurobiological bases only for well-known cultural differences.It is also uncovering the unexpected.For instance,a 2006 study found that native Chinese speakers use a different region of the brain to do simple arithmetic (3 + 4) or decide which number is larger than native English speakers do,even though both use Arabic numerals.The Chinese use the circuits that process visual and spatial information and plan movements (the latter may be related to the use of the abacus).But English speakers use language circuits.It is as if the West conceives numbers as just words,but the East imbues them with symboliC.spatial freight.(Insert cliche about Asian math geniuses.) "One would think that neural processes involvng basic mathematical computations are universal," says Ambady,but they "seem to be culture-specific". 　　Not to be the skunk at this party,but I thunk it's important to ask whether neuroscience reveals anything more than we already know from,say,anthropology.For instance,it's well known that East Asian cultures prize the collective over the individual,and that Americans do the opposite.Does identifying brain correlates of those values offer any extra insight? After all,it's not as if anyone thought those values are the result of something in the liver. 　　Ambady thinks cultural neuro-science does advance understanding.Take the me/mom finding,which,she argues,"attests to the strength of the overlap between self and people close to you in collectivistic cultures and the separation in individualistic cultures.It is important to push the analysis to the level of the brain." Especially when it shows how fundamental cultural differences are-so fundamental,perhaps,that "universal" notions such as human rights,democracy,and the like may be no such thing.

Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?

A. Neural processes are likely to be culturally neutral.
B. The brain is believed to be influenced by different cultures.
C. Westerners focus on individualism while East Asians on collectivism.
D. Neuroscience reveals nothing more than we know from anthropology.

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