西方教育史上，提出“泛智教育”和普及初等教育的主张，并对班级授

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[单选题]西方教育史上，提出“泛智教育”和普及初等教育的主张，并对班级授课制做出系统阐述的教育著作是( )。

A. 柏拉图的《理想国》
B. 昆体良的《论演说家的培养》
C. 夸美纽斯的《大教学论》
D. 赫尔巴特的《普通教育学》

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[单选题]Passage 2 Scientists have been surprised at how deeply culture-the language we speak, the values we absorb-shapes the brain, and are rethinking findings derived from studies of Westerners. To take one recent example, a region behind the forehead called the medial prefrontal cortex supposedly represents the self: it is active when we ("we" being the Americans in the study) think of our own identity and traits. But with Chinese volunteers, the results were strikingly different. The "me" circuit hummed not only when they thought whether a particular adjective described themselves, but also when they considered whether it described their mother. The Westerners showed no such overlap between self and mom. Depending whether one lives in a culture that views the self as autonomous and unique or as connected to and part of a larger whole, this neural circuit takes on quite different functions. "Cultural neuroscince," as this new field is called, is about discovering such differences. Some of the findings, as with the "me/mom" circuit, buttress longstanding notions of cultural differences.For instance, it is a cultural cliche that Westerners focus on individual objects while East Asians pay attention to context and background (another manifestation of the individualism-collectivism split). Sure enough, when shown complex, busy scenes, Asian-Americans and non-Asian-Americans recruited different brain regions. The Asians showed more activity in areas that process figure-ground relations-holistic context-while the Americans showed more activity in regions that recognize objects. Psychologist Nalini Ambady of Tufts found something similar when she and colleagues showed drawings of people in a submissive pose (head down, shoulders hunched) or a dominant one (arms crossed, face forward) to Japanese and Americans. The brain's dopamine-fueled reward circuit became most active at the sight of the stance-dominant for Americans, submissive for Japanese-that each volunteer's culture most values, they reported in 2009. This raises an obvious chicken-and-egg question, but the smart money is on culture shaping the brain, not vice versa. Cultural neuroscience wouldn't be making waves if it found neurobiological bases only for well-known cultural differences. It is also uncovering the unexpected. For instance, a 2006 study found that native Chinese speakers use a different region of the brain to do simple arithmetic (3+4) or decide which number is larger than native English speakers do, even though both use Arabic numerals. The Chinese use the circuits that process visual and spatial information and plan movements (the latter may be related to the use of the abacus). But English speakers use language circuits. It is as if the West conceives numbers as just words, but the East imbues them with symbolic, spatial freight. (Insert cliche about Asian math geniuses) "One would think that neural processes involving basic mathematical computations are universal:' says Ambady, but they "seem to be culture-specific." Not to be the skunk at this party, but I think it's important to ask whether neuroscience reveals anything more than we already know from, say, anthropology. For instance, it's well known that East Asian cultures prize the collective over the individual, and that Americans do the opposite. Does identifying brain correlates of those values offer any extra insight? After all, it's not as if anyone thought those values are the result of something in the liver. Ambady thinks cultural neuro-science does advance understanding. Take the me/mom finding, which, she argues, "attests to the strength of the overlap between self and people close to you in collectivistic cultures and the separation in individualistic cultures. It is important to push the analysis to the level of the brain." Especially when it shows how fundamental cultural differences are-so fundamental, perhaps, that "universal" notions such as human rights, democracy, and the like may be no such thing.

Which of the following may best describe the author 's attitude towards universal cultural concepts in the last paragraph?

A. Doubtful
B. Positive
C. Negative
D. Neutra

[多选题]心理发展的不平衡体现在( )。

A. 个体不同系统在发展速度上的不同
B. 个体不同系统在发展的起讫时间上的不同
C. 个体不同系统在发展达到成熟时期上的进程不同
D. 个体不同系统在发展优势领域的不同

[单选题]小明因为失恋而痛苦万分，但他并没有因此消沉下去，而是把失恋的痛苦化为勤奋学习的动力，将注意力转移到学习中，证明自己的能力，这属于情绪管理策略中的( )。

A. 放松法
B. 宣泄法
C. 升华法
D. 暗示法

[单选题]在小学生心理发展中起决定性作用的是( )。

A. 同伴
B. 环境
C. 学习
D. 成熟 一定程度上制约着小学生的心理发展。学习在小学生心理发展中起决定性作用。

[单选题]教育与生产力的关系叙述不正确的是( )。

A. 教育与生产力同步
B. 生产力水平制约着教育的内容和手段
C. 生产力对教育的制约作用受生产关系的调节
D. 生产力水平决定教育的规模和速度

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