简述思维导图(mind mapping)的含义（4分）及其两个用途（6分），

【名词&注释】

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[多选题]简述思维导图(mind mapping)的含义（4分）及其两个用途（6分），写出教师在课堂 　　教学中运用思维导图的三点注意事项（6分），并举一例说明思维导图的用法（4分）。

A. (1)含义：思维导图是一种使用图形来组织和表达发散性思维的工具。它运用图文并重的技巧，把各级主题的关系用相互隶属与相关的层级图表现出来，建立主题关键词与图像、颜色等要素之间的记忆链接。(2)思维导图的两个用途：①学生在学习中可以利用思维导图组织学习内容、整理知识框架等，以提升学习效率。例如，在预习时，学生可以利用思维导图展现新旧知识间的联系，促进知识的有效迁移；在课堂上，学生可以利用思维导图做课堂笔记，节省时间，方便记忆；在复习时，学生可以利用思维导图有效整合知识，加强记忆。②教师在教学中可以利用思维导图制订教学计划、整理教学设计、展示教学内容等，以提升教学效率。例如，在语法课上，教师可以利用思维导图构建语法知识网络；在阅读课上，教师可以利用思维导图展示文章组织结构；在写作课上，教师可以利用思维导图理清写作思路。(3)教师在课堂教学中运用思维导图的三点注意事项：①要注意相关性。思维导图所归纳、总结的知识都应围绕某个主题来展开。教师要为学生创设与学习主题相关的、学生感兴趣的问题情境，激发学生的学习兴趣，调动其学习积极性，然后指导学生以问题情境为中心构建思维导图。②要注意灵活性。思维可视化的形式应依据不同问题的性质而自由变化，不必拘泥于固定的思路和风格。③要注意适度性。思维导图只是一种辅助教学的工具，教师不能完全依赖它。(4)案例：在教授学生阅读篇幅长、生词多、结构和层次复杂或不太清晰的文章时，教师先呈现思维导图，大概地介绍全文大意，帮助学生整体理解文章；然后，教师根据中心主题和主干提出问题，让学生带着问题分部分、分层次阅读，突出重点，关注细节，加深理解；阅读后，可让学生在小组内进行分享和交流，此时教师在多媒体课件中利用思维导图呈现答案的关键词，帮助学生梳理知识点；最后，教师引导学生根据思维导图的提示复述课文内容。

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学习资料：

[单选题]班主任对班级的作用( )。

A. 主导作用
B. 主持作用
C. 领导作用
D. 组织作用

[多选题]教育上的外铄论认为，人的身心发展取决于外在环境的影响。持这种观点的教育思想家是( )。

A. 荀子
B. 洛克
C. 孟子
D. 华生

[单选题]提出认知结构迁移理论的心理学家是( )。

A. 勒
B. 布鲁纳和奥苏伯尔
C. 贾德
D. 桑代克

[单选题]教育要适应于人的发展的个别差异性，应该做到( )。

A. 循序渐进
B. 因材施教
C. 教学相长
D. 防微杜渐

[单选题]“动之以情，晓之以理，导之以行，持之以恒”的做法主要反映了哪一德育过程规律?（ ）

A. 德育过程是具有多种开端的对学生知、情、意、行的培养提高过程
B. 德育过程是促进学生思想内部矛盾斗争的过程
C. 德育过程是组织学生活动与交往，统一多方面教育影响的过程
D. 德育过程是长期的、反复的、逐步提高的过程

[单选题]What kind of speech act is performed in utterance"Come round on Saturday"when it is said as an invitation rather than a demand?

A. Direct speech act.
B. Locutionary act.
C. Indirect speech act.
D. Perlocutionary act.

[单选题]把两个及其两个年级以上的儿童编在一个班级，直接教学与布置、完成作业轮流交替进行，在一节课内由一位教师对不同年级学生进行教学的组织形式是( )。

A. 分层教学
B. 合作学习
C. 小班教学
D. 复式教学

[单选题]小芳的妈妈乐于助人，受其影响小芳在学校也常常关心帮助同学，小芳的学习属于( )。

A. 试误学习
B. 顿悟学习
C. 强化学习
D. 观察学习

[单选题]请阅读 Passage 2,完成1~5小题。 　　Passage 2 　　IF YOU want something done,the saying goes,give it to a busy person.It is an odd way to guarantee hitting deadlines.But a paper recently published in the Journal of Consumer Research suggests it may,in fact,be true-as long as the busy person conceptualises the deadline in the right way. 　　Yanping Tu of the University of Chicago and Dilip Soman of the University of Toronto 　　examined how individuals go about both thinking about and completing tasks.Previous studies have shown that such activity progresses through four distinct phases: pre-decision,post-decision (but pre-action),action and review.It is thought that what motivates the shift from the decision-making stages to the doing-something stage is a change in mindset. 　　Human beings are a deliberative sort,weighing the pros and cons of future actions and remaining open to other ideas and influences.However,once a decision is taken,the mind becomes more "implemental" and focuses on the task at hand."The mindset towards 'where can I get a sandwich'," explains Ms Tu,"is more implemental than the mindset towards 'should I get a sandwich or not?'" 　　Ms Tu and Dr Soman advise in their paper that "the key step in getting things done is to get started." But what drives that? They believe the key that unlocks the implemental mode lies in how people categorise time.They suggest that tasks are more likely to be viewed with an implemental mindset if an imposed deadline is cognitively linked to "now" -a so-called like-the-present scenario.That might be a future date within the same month or calendar year,or pegged to an event with a familiar spot in the mind's timeline (being given a task at Christmas,say,with a deadline of Easter).Conversely,they suggest,a deadline placed outside such mental constructs (being "unlike-the-present" ) exists merely as a circle on a calendar,and as such is more likely to be considered deliberatively and then ignored until the last minute. 　　To flesh out this ideA.the pair carried out five sets of tests,with volunteers ranging from farmers in India to undergraduate students in Toronto.In one test,the farmers were offered a financial incentive to open a bank account and make a deposit within six months.The researchers predicted those approached in June would consider a deadline before December 31st as like-the-present.Those approached in July,by contrast,received a deadline into the next year,and were expected to think of their deadline as unlike-the-present.The distinction worked.Those with a deadline in the same year were nearly four times more likely to open the account immediately as those for whom the deadline lay in the following year.Arbitrary though calendars may be in parsing up the continuous fiow of time,humans parse their concept of time in line with them. 　　The effect can manifest itselfin even subtler ways.In another set of experiments,undergraduate students were given a calendar on a Wednesday and were asked to suggest an appropriate day to carry out certain tasks before the following Sunday.The trick was that some were given a calendar with all of the weekdays coloured purple,with weekends in beige (making a visual distinction between a Wednesday and the following Sunday).Others were given a calendar in which every other week,Monday to Sunday,was a solid colour (meaning that a Wednesday and the following Sunday were thus in the same week,and in the same colour).Even this minor visual cue affected how like-or unlike-the-present the respondents tended to view task priorities. 　　These and other bits of framing and trickery in the research support the same thesis: that making people link a future event to today triggers an implemental response,regardless of how far in the future the deadline actually lies.If the journey of l,000 miles starts with a single step,the authors might suggest that you take that step before this time next week.

Which best describes the author's tone?

A. HumanistiC.
B. Objective.
C. Speculative.
D. Recriminatory.

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