新课程背景下教师角色应发生哪些转变？（4分）

【名词&注释】

有的放矢、因材施教、外部环境(external environment)、学科知识(subject knowledge)、个别差异(individual differences)、勇于探索创新(be brave in exploring and innovating)、面向全体学生(facing to all students)、循序渐进原则(principle of process)、每一个学生、《中小学教师职业道德规范》

[多选题]新课程背景下教师角色应发生哪些转变？（4分）

A. (1)从教师与学生的关系看，新课程要求教师应该是学生学习的促进者：(2)从教学与研究的关系看，新课程要求教师应该是教育教学的研究者；(3)从教学与课程的关系看，新课程要求教师应该是课程的建设者和开发者：(4)从学校与社区的关系来看，新课程要求教师应该是社区型的开放教师。

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学习资料：

[单选题]针对已有教学方法不足，李老师提出并在实践中不断完善情景教学法，取得良好成效，这充分体现了李老师()。

A. 勇于探索创新
B. 具有奉献精神
C. 学科知识扎实
D. 关心爱护学生

[单选题]一个国家教育经费投入的多少最终取决于( )。

A. 文化传统
B. 受教育的需求
C. 生产力水平
D. 教育的规模

[单选题]孔子通过"视其所以""观其所由""察其所安…'退而省其私"等方法，细致地了解和研究每一个学生。这种针对每个学生特点的教学方式符合教学的( )。

A. 理论联系实际原则
B. 思想性和科学性统一原则
C. 因材施教原则
D. 循序渐进原则^{(principle of process)}

[单选题]"七步成诗"的故事体现的是思维过程的( )。

A. 广阔性
B. 独立性
C. 灵活性
D. 敏捷性

[单选题]学习动机支配着学习者的学习行为。小刘为了得到老师或父母的奖励而努力学习，则他的学习动机是( )。

A. 内部动机
B. 外部动机
C. 高尚动机
D. 近景的直接性动机

[单选题]7-11岁儿童认知大体处于( )阶段。

A. 感知
B. 前运算
C. 具体运算
D. 形式运算

[单选题]请阅读 Passage 2,完成1~5小题。 　　Passage 2 　　IF YOU want something done,the saying goes,give it to a busy person.It is an odd way to guarantee hitting deadlines.But a paper recently published in the Journal of Consumer Research suggests it may,in fact,be true-as long as the busy person conceptualises the deadline in the right way. 　　Yanping Tu of the University of Chicago and Dilip Soman of the University of Toronto 　　examined how individuals go about both thinking about and completing tasks.Previous studies have shown that such activity progresses through four distinct phases: pre-decision,post-decision (but pre-action),action and review.It is thought that what motivates the shift from the decision-making stages to the doing-something stage is a change in mindset. 　　Human beings are a deliberative sort,weighing the pros and cons of future actions and remaining open to other ideas and influences.However,once a decision is taken,the mind becomes more "implemental" and focuses on the task at hand."The mindset towards 'where can I get a sandwich'," explains Ms Tu,"is more implemental than the mindset towards 'should I get a sandwich or not?'" 　　Ms Tu and Dr Soman advise in their paper that "the key step in getting things done is to get started." But what drives that? They believe the key that unlocks the implemental mode lies in how people categorise time.They suggest that tasks are more likely to be viewed with an implemental mindset if an imposed deadline is cognitively linked to "now" -a so-called like-the-present scenario.That might be a future date within the same month or calendar year,or pegged to an event with a familiar spot in the mind's timeline (being given a task at Christmas,say,with a deadline of Easter).Conversely,they suggest,a deadline placed outside such mental constructs (being "unlike-the-present" ) exists merely as a circle on a calendar,and as such is more likely to be considered deliberatively and then ignored until the last minute. 　　To flesh out this ideA.the pair carried out five sets of tests,with volunteers ranging from farmers in India to undergraduate students in Toronto.In one test,the farmers were offered a financial incentive to open a bank account and make a deposit within six months.The researchers predicted those approached in June would consider a deadline before December 31st as like-the-present.Those approached in July,by contrast,received a deadline into the next year,and were expected to think of their deadline as unlike-the-present.The distinction worked.Those with a deadline in the same year were nearly four times more likely to open the account immediately as those for whom the deadline lay in the following year.Arbitrary though calendars may be in parsing up the continuous fiow of time,humans parse their concept of time in line with them. 　　The effect can manifest itselfin even subtler ways.In another set of experiments,undergraduate students were given a calendar on a Wednesday and were asked to suggest an appropriate day to carry out certain tasks before the following Sunday.The trick was that some were given a calendar with all of the weekdays coloured purple,with weekends in beige (making a visual distinction between a Wednesday and the following Sunday).Others were given a calendar in which every other week,Monday to Sunday,was a solid colour (meaning that a Wednesday and the following Sunday were thus in the same week,and in the same colour).Even this minor visual cue affected how like-or unlike-the-present the respondents tended to view task priorities. 　　These and other bits of framing and trickery in the research support the same thesis: that making people link a future event to today triggers an implemental response,regardless of how far in the future the deadline actually lies.If the journey of l,000 miles starts with a single step,the authors might suggest that you take that step before this time next week.

Which best describes the author's tone?

A. HumanistiC.
B. Objective.
C. Speculative.
D. Recriminatory.

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