材料： 　　"苦难是人生的一笔财富。"这是人们常说的一句激励人

【名词&注释】

课外阅读(extracurricular reading)、西方文化(western culture)、实用技术(practical technology)、古希腊哲学(ancient greek philosophy)、勤奋努力、学无常师、彻底否定(reliability thorough negate)、英国首相(british prime minister)、传道授业解惑、进行教育(make education)

[多选题]材料： 　　"苦难是人生的一笔财富。"这是人们常说的一句激励人奋进的话，可是，苦难不是幸事，也不是每个人都能从中获益的，学会正确对待苦难更有现实的意义。在一次聚会上，那些堪称成功的实业家、明星谈笑风生，其中就有著名的企业家约翰·艾顿。艾顿向他的朋友、后来成为英国首相^{(british prime minister)}的丘吉尔回忆起他的过去--他出生在一个偏远小镇，父母早逝，是姐姐帮人洗衣服、干家务，辛苦挣钱将他抚育成人。但姐姐出嫁后，姐夫将他撵到了舅舅家，舅妈更是刻薄，在他读书时，规定每天只能吃一顿饭，还得收搭马厩和剪草坪。刚工作当学徒时，他根本租不起房子，有将近一年多时间是躲在郊外一处废旧的仓库里睡觉……丘吉尔惊讶地问："以前怎么没有听你说过这些？"艾顿笑道："有什么好说的呢？正在受苦或正在摆脱受苦的人是没有权利诉苦的。"这位曾经在生活中失意、痛苦了很久的汽车商又说："苦难变成财富是有条件的，这个条件就是，你战胜了苦难，不再受苦。这时，别人听着你的苦难，也不觉得你是在念苦经，只会觉得你意志坚强，值得敬重。只有在这时，苦难才是你值得骄傲的一笔人生财富。但如果你还在苦难之中或没有摆脱苦难的纠缠，你能说什么呢？在别人听来，无异于就是请求廉价的怜悯甚至乞讨--这个时候你不能说你正在享受苦难，在苦难中锻炼了品质、学会了坚韧。否则别人只会觉得你是在玩精神胜利、自我麻醉吧。"艾顿的一席话，使丘吉尔重新修订他"热爱苦难"的信条。他在自传中这样写道--苦难，是财富还是屈辱？当你战胜了苦难时，它就是你的财富；可当苦难战胜了你时，它就是你的屈辱。 　　（摘编自《课外阅读》2007.9） 　　问题： 　　(1)让苦难不再成为屈辱的前提是什么？请结合文本，谈谈你的看法。（4分） 　　(2)每个人都有表达、申诉的权利，可是艾顿却说"正在受苦或正在摆脱受苦的人是没有权利诉苦的"，谈谈你的理解。(10分)

A. 参考答案：(1)让苦难不再成为屈辱的前提条件就是，你战胜了困难，不再受苦。这时候，别人在听着你的苦难的时候，才不觉得你是在念苦经，而觉得你意志坚强，值得敬重。这时候苦难对你来说是一笔财富。（4分）(2)艾顿之所以这么说是因为：苦难变成财富是有条件的，这个条件就是，你战胜了苦难并远离苦难不再受苦。只有在这里，苦难才是你值得骄傲的一笔人生财富。（2分）如果艾顿还在苦难之中或没有摆脱苦难的纠缠，无论他说什么，在别人听来，无异于是请求廉价的怜悯甚至乞讨。（2分）即使说正在享受苦难，在苦难中锻炼了品质、学会了坚韧，那么别人只会觉得他是在玩精神胜利、自我麻醉。（2分）巴尔扎克说："苦难，对于天才是一块垫脚石，对于能干的人是一笔财富，对于弱者是一个万丈深渊。"因此，苦难，是财富还是屈辱，取决于自己。当苦难战胜了你时，它就是你的屈辱；当你战胜了苦难时，它就是你的财富。（2分）我们应该坚强面对，勇于奋斗，最终战胜苦难，让它成为人生中真正值得汲取的财富。（2分

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[单选题]教育的生物起源论和教育的心理起源论都认为教育是先天的而不是后天获得的，否定了教育的( )。

A. 科学属性
B. 生产属性
C. 社会属性
D. 艺术属性

[单选题]首次提出教育遵循自然的观点的是( )。

A. 柏拉图
B. 亚里士多德
C. 昆体良
D. 苏格拉底

[单选题]在中国教育史上，提倡问难与距师并主张学知与闻见，思考与求是的教育家是( )。

A. 墨翟
B. 孟轲
C. 王充
D. 韩愈

[单选题]教学从本质上讲是一种( )。

A. 智育活动
B. 认知活动
C. 促进学生全面发展的活动
D. 教师教和学生学的活动

[单选题]Passage 2 Taylor Swift, the seven-time Grammy winner, is known for her articulate lyrics, so there was nothing surprising about her writing a long column for The Wall Street Journal about the future of the music industry. Yet there's reason to doubt the optimism of what she had to say. "This moment in music is so exciting because the creative avenues an artist can explore are limitless:' Swift wrote. "In this moment in music, stepping out of your comfort zone is rewarded, and sonic evolution is not only accepted...it is celebrated. The only real risk is being too afraid to take a risk at all." That's hard to reconcile with Nielsen's mid-year U.S. music report, which showed a 15 percent year-on-year drop in album sales and a 13 percent decline in digital track sales. This could be the 2013 story all over again, in which streaming services cannibalize their growth from digital downloads, whose numbers dropped for the first time ever last year, except that even including streams, album sales are down 3.3 percent so far in 2014. Streaming has grown even more than it did last year, 42 percent compared to 32 percent, but has failed to make up for a general loss of interest in music.Consider this.in 2014 to date, Americans purchased 593.6 million digital tracks and heard 70.3 million video and audio streams for a sum total of 663.9 million. In the comparable period of 2013, the total came to 731.7 million.Swift, one of the few artists able to pull off stadium tours, believes it's all about quality. "People are still buying albums, but now they're buying just a few of them:' she wrote. "They are buying only the ones that hit them like an arrow through the heart." In 2000, album sales peaked at 785 million. Last year, they were down t0 415.3 million. Swift is right, but for many of the artists whose albums pierce hearts like arrows, it's too late. Sales of vinyl albums have increased 40.4 percent so far this year, according to Nielsen, and the top-selling one was guitar hero Jack White's Lazaretto. The top 10 also includes records by the aging or dead, such as the Beatles and Bob Marley & the Wailers. More modern entries are not exactly teen sensations, either. the Black Keys, Beck and the Arctic Monkeys. None of these artists is present on the digital sales charts, including or excluding streams. The top-selling album so far this year, by a huge margin, is the saccharine soundtrack to the Disney animated hit, Frozen. When, like me, you're over 40 and you believe the music industry has been in decline since in 1993 (the year Nirvana released In Utero), it's easy to criticize the music taste of "the kids these days:' a term even the 23-year old Swift uses. My fellow dinosaurs will understand if they compare 1993's top albums to Nielsen's 2014 list. But these kids don't just like to listen to different music than we do, they no longer find much worth hearing.The way the music industry works now may have something to do with that. In the old days, musicians showed their work to industry executives, the way most book authors still do to publishers (although that tradition, too, is eroding). The executives made mistakes and were credited with brilliant finds. Sometimes they followed the public taste, and sometimes they strove to shape it, taking big financial and career risks in the process. These days, according to Swift, it's all about the social networks. "A friend of mine, who is an actress, told me that when the casting for her recent movie came down to two actresses, the casting director chose the actress with more Twitter followers:' Swift wrote. "In the future, artists will get record deals because they have fans - not the other way around." The social networks are fickle and self-consciously sarcastic (see the recent potato salad phenomenon). They are not about arrow-through-the-heart sincerity. That's why YouTube made Psy a star, but it couldn't have been the medium for Beatlemania. Justin Timberlake has 32.9 million Twitter followers, but he's no Jack White. In the music industry's heyday, it produced a lot of schlock. But it got great music out to the masses, too. These days, it expects artists to do their own promotion and for those who less good at that than at making music, it may mean not getting heard. For fans it means less good music to stream and download. Well, there's always the warm and fuzzy world of vinyl nostalgia, I guess.

What does the underlined word"that"in PARAGRAPH EIGHT refer to?

A. Kid' s music taste
B. 1993s top album
C. Nielsen' s 2014 list
D. The music industry

[单选题]韩老师常常说方琼勤奋努力，孙彤细致严谨，李冰诚实可信。韩老师描述的这些心理特征属于（ ）。

A. 能力
B. 性格
C. 气质
D. 情绪

[单选题]请阅读 Passage 2,完成 1~5小题。 　　Passage 2 　　When American-bom actor Michael Pena was a year old.his parents were deported.They had illegally walked across the U.S.border from Mexico and when they were caught by immigration authorities,they sent Pena and his brother to stay with relatives in the U.S."It was quite a bit of a gamble for my parents," says Pena."but they came back a year later." Pena's father,who had been a farmer in Mexico,got a job at a button factory in Chicago anD.eventually,a green card.Pena stayed in Chicago until,at 19,he fled to Los Angeles to pursue his acting dreams. 　　This family history makes Pena's latest role especially personal.In Cesar Chavez,Pena plays the labor leader as he struggles to organize immigrant California farm workers in the 1960s.To pressure growers to improve working conditions and wages,Chavez led a national boycott of table grapes that lasted from 1965 to 1970 and is recorded in the film.Chavez,like Pena.was the American-born son of Mexican farmers who immigrated to the U.S."He understands this duality,the feeling of being born in a place but having a very big idea of where your heritage comes from," says the film director,Diego Luna."This thing of having to go to school and learn in English and then go home to speak Spanish with your parents." 　　As immigration policy is hotly debated on Capitol Hill this year,Luna and others who were involved with Cesar Chavez are hoping the movie will spark new support for reform and inspire American Latinos to get involved."The message Chavez left was that change couldn't happen without the masses being a part of their own change," says Ferrera.a first generation Honduran American who plays the union leader's wife Helen.Rosario Dawson,who co-founded the advocacy group Voto Latino,plays Chavez ally and labor leader Dolores Huerta. 　　Immigrant-rights issues in the U.S.have evolved substantially in the years since Chavez founded the United Farm Workers (UFW).Undocumented workers now make up a far larger share of the agricultural workforce in Califomia than they did in the 1960s,according to Miriam Pawel,author of The Crusades of Cesar Chavez,published the next month.Chavez was vehemently against illegal immigration,believing it made strikes difficult to execute and weakened the union.FIe initiated a program in the mid-1970s to locate undocumented farm workers and report them to immigration officials,Pawel writes.And despite his early victories,Chavez's UFW union represents just a small part ofthose working on California farms today. 　　"Chavez's legacy is not in the field.which is sad." says Pawel.Still,she says,his organizing strategies,featured extensively in Cesar Chavez,have been adopted by other activists,including those leading the modern immigrant-rights movement.Chavez's most important contribution may have been humanizing the Latino population for the American publiC.Farm laborers,many of whom barely spoke English,traveled across the country during the grape boycott,standing outside grocery stores to persuade housewives not to buy grapes and to spread the word about their plight."They gave the boycott this very human face," says Pawel. 　　"It was families talking to other families," says Luna."It's about the power we have just by being who we are."

Whom does the underlined word "He" in PAraGraPH TWO refer to?

A. Luna.
B. Pena.
C. Chavez.
D. Ferrera.

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