课堂提问需要遵循哪些原则？课堂提问能提高学生哪方面的能力？

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[多选题]课堂提问需要遵循哪些原则？课堂提问能提高学生哪方面的能力？

A. (1)课堂提问的原则： ①审时度势，注意适时性。课堂提问需要教师审时度势，吸引学生的注意力，营造出积极活跃的教学氛围。 ②明确目的，具有针对性。课堂提问必须符合教学目标的需要，同时教师要充分考虑提问内容的难易程度、学生的年龄特征、知识基础与水平能力等因素。 ③循循善诱，注意启发性。教学是一个由浅人深、不断提高的过程。课堂提问前，教师要循循善诱地交代说明，从学生的兴趣点切入问题，在广泛联系处设置问题。 ④角度新颖，激发趣味性。要根据教学内容灵活采取提问方式，角度新颖，调动学生学习的积极性。 ⑤面向全体，注意广泛性。面向全体是指教师提出的每一个问题都应产生群体效益，保证全体学生都有时间、有兴趣对问题进行思考。 ⑥逐层递进，关注探究性。问题设计要层层递进，使学生在每个阶段都有所期待与探索。 ⑦适当肯定，反馈激励性。学生每次回答问题后，教师都应给予其适当的鼓励与肯定，激励其取得更大的进步。 (2)课堂提问能提高学生的能力： 课堂提问可以培养学生的思维能力和沟通表达能力。课堂提问能引起学生的认知矛盾并给学生适宜的紧张度，从而引发学生积极思考，引导学生思维的方向，扩大思维的广度，提高思维的深度。同时，在与教师和其他学生探讨问题、寻求解决问题途径的过程中，培养了与他人交流、沟通表达的能力。

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[多选题]材料： 　　当今世界已然进入网络化的大数据时代。网络技术、通信技术、移动设备技术的高度发达及其与人的高度融合，产生了爆炸式增长和高度复杂化的数据集合。这些规模超乎想象的，无法"在可容忍的时间内"用当下IT技术和软硬件工具对其进行感知、获取、管理、处理和服务的大数据，具有体量浩大、模式繁多，生成快速、价值巨大但密度很低的特点。这种全面、多源的大数据隐含着巨大的政治、经济、社会价值，已引起各行各业的高度重视。近年来，大数据正在成为国家和政府层面的发展战略，大数据不仅是一种海量的数据状态及其相应的数据处理技术，更是一种思维方式、一项重要的基础设施、一个影响整个国家和社会运行的基础性社会制度。在社会治理创新实践领域，大数据的全数据分析功能正在为治理创新、政策创新、实践创新提供更为充分的技术支撑。大数据将为人类的生活创造前所未有的可量化的思维视角，通过把大数据及其背后的相关性联系，人们完全能够据此做出正确的决定。《纽约时报》在2012年2月的一篇专栏中指出，"大数据"时代已经降临，在商业、经济及其他领域中，决策将日益基于数据和分析而作出，而并非基于经验和直觉。尤其是"物联网"的兴起，人们与感应器、显示屏等数据收集设备的日常交流不可避免，以至于有人预言，感应器和互联网连接也在将"沉默的"设备转变为强大的预测和猜测设备，它们收集的数据可以与来自其他设备和数据库的数据整合在一起，从而创造出新的信息成果，这些成果的价值可能远远高于那些生成基础数据的设备的价值。按照马克思的观点，在创造大数据的历史过程中，每个人既是历史的"剧中人"，又是"剧作者"；"人创造环境，同样环境也创造人"。在创造网络大数据的同时，人们也被网络大数据所改造。大数据正在因其独特的社会价值而触发了社会道德治理的技术化创新潮流。尽管大数据存在着隐私安全、数据获取、数据准确性、数据利用与监管等问题，在目前社会治理实践领域，大数据不仅是人们治理社会的技术路径，还是人们治理改造的可能对象，尚存在理论纷争和现实困境，但是大数据正在毋庸置疑地影响着人们的认知视野，并将进而改变人们的生活、工作和思维方式。网络社会的大数据化对社会治理创新提出了更高的要求，并在科学化、程序化、专业化、系统化等方面提供了更具技术性的支持。社会道德治理创新是一个观念变革、政策选择，政策实施与检测的完整体系，其中大数据承担了数据挖掘、政策支撑、技术实施等功能。大数据管理及其应用的现状表明，通过掌握和利用大数据资源，可以有效地实现社会治理主体的多元化、治理过程的透明化、治理行为的数据化。重视大数据资源发掘和技术应用，以大数据实现社会道德治理的现代化，是"推动国家治理体系和治理能力现代化"的有效途径和时代要求。（摘编自《大数据时代社会道德治理创新的伦理形态》） 　　问题： 　　(1)请简要概括文章画线句"在创造大数据的历史过程中，每一个人既是历史的'剧中人'，又是'剧作者'"表达的意思。（4分） 　　(2)在促进社会治理上，文章认为大数据有怎样的意义？请结合文本，简要分析。(10分)

A. 参考答案：(1)每一个人是历史的"剧中人"意思是说，大数据的整合带来环境的改变。大数据将影响每一个人，改造每一个人。人们的认知和视野，与人们的生活，工作、思维方式都受到大数据的影响。（3分）每一个人是"剧作者"意思是说在大数据产生、整合、发展的过程中。每一个人都提供了基础数据，是数据的创造者，人们创造出大数据，并使其在社会治理创新，商业等各个领域为人类服务，人类也依据大数据做出正确的决定。（3分）(2)①大数据触发了社会道德治理的技术化创新潮流。大数据自身存在着某些问题，所以对其治理提出了要求。（2分）②大数据对社会治理创新提出了更高的要求，并提供了技术性支持。在大数据时代，社会治理创新需要转变观念，建立有效的政策和完整的体系，这是大数据提出的要求：并且在这个过程中大数据可以提供众多资源。在整理主体、治理方式、治理过程上产生重大改变。（3分）③以大数据实现社会道德治理的现代化。"推动国家治理体系和治理能力现代化"的有效途径和时代要求。只有重视和发掘大数据技术，才能更有效地实现社会道德治理现代化，这是必须要做的，也是一种有效途径。（3分）

[多选题]下列选项中属于教育目的的个人本位论的观点的是( )。

A. 教育目的的制定要从受教育者本身出发，而不是从社会需要出发
B. 教育就是个人的教育，个人价值高于社会价值
C. 教育培养的个人是为社会服务的
D. 教育没有教育之外的其他目的
E. 评价教育作用时要用其对个人的作用来衡量

[单选题] The process of perceiving others is rarely translated (to ourselves or others) into cold, objective terms."She was 5 feet 8 inches tall, had fair hair, and wore a colored skirt." More often, we try to get inside the other person to pinpoint his or her attitudes, emotions, motivations, abilities, ideas, and characters.Furthermore, we sometimes behave as if we can accomplish this difficult job very quickly-perhaps with a two-second glance. We try to obtain information about others in many ways.Berger suggests several methods for reducing uncertainties about others; who are known to you so you can compare the observed person′s behavior with the known others′ behavior, observing a person in a situation where social behavior is relatively unrestrained or where a wide variety of behavioral responses are called for, deliberately structuring the physical or social environment so as to observe the person′s responses to specific stimuli, asking people who have had or have frequent contact with the person about him or her, and using various strategies in face-to-face interaction to uncover information about another person-question, self-disclosures, and so on. Getting to know someone is a never-ending task, largely because people are constantly changing and the methods we use to obtain information are often imprecise.You may have known someone for ten years and still know very little about him.If we accept the idea that we won′t ever fully know another person, it enables us to deal more easily with those things that get in the way of accurate knowledge such as secrets and deceptions.It will also keep us from being too surprised or shocked by seemingly inconsistent behavior.Ironicajly, those things that keep us from knowing another person too well(e.g.secrets and deceptions) may be just as important to the development of a satisfying relationship as those things that enable us to obtain accurate knowledge about a person (e.g.disclosures and truthful statement).

This passage mainly concerns__________.

A. the relationship between people
B. the perception of other people
C. secrets and deceptions of people
D. people′s attitudes and characters

[单选题]课堂上，同学们的注意被突然飞进教室的一只小鸟所吸引。这种注意属于（ ）。

A. 无意注意
B. 无意后注意
C. 有意注意
D. 有意后注意

[多选题]制约课程目标的基本因素包括( )。

A. 社会
B. 知识
C. 课程理论
D. 儿童

[单选题] British psychologists have found evidence of a link between excessive Internet use and depression, a research has shown. Leeds University researchers, writing in the Psychopathology journal, said a small proportion of Internet users were classed as Intemet addicts and that people in this group were more likely to be depressed than non-addicted users. The article on the relationship between excessive Internet use and depression, a questionnaire-based study of 1,319 young people and adults, used data gathered from respondents to links placed on UK-based social networking sites. The respondents answered questions about how much time they spent on the Internet and what they used it for; they also completed the Beck Depression, In,ventory--a series of questions designed to measure the severity of depression. The six-page report, by the university's Institute of Psychological Sciences, said 18 of the people who completed the questionnaire were Internet addicts. "Our research indicates that excessive Jnternet use is associated with depression, but what we don't know is which comes first-are depressed people drawn to the Intemet or does the Intemet cause depression?" the article's lead author, Dr. Catriona Morrison, said."What is clear is that, for a small part of people, excessive use of the Internet could be a warning signal for depressive tendencies." The age range of all respondents was between 16 and 51 years, with a mean age of 21.24. The mean age of the 18 Internet addicts,13 of whom were male and five female, was 18.3 years. By comparing the scale of depression within this group to that within a group of 18 non-addicted Intemet users, researchers found the Internet addicts had a higher incidence of moderate to severe depression than non-addicts. They also discovered that addicts spent proportionately more time browsing sexually pleasing websites, online gaming sites and online communities. "This study reinforces the public speculation that over-engaging in websites that serve to replace normal social function might be linked to psychological disorders like depression and addiction," Morrison said."We now need to consider the wider societal implications of this relationship and establish clearly the effects of excessive Internet use on mental health."

What is confirmed by the study?

A. Depression leads to excessive use of Internet.
B. Depression results from excessive use of Internet.
C. Excessive use of Internet usually accompanies depression.
D. Excessive use of Internet is usually prior to depression.

[单选题]创造性与智力的关系是( )。①低创造性的智商水平一定很低②高创造性必须有高于一般水平的智商，反之亦然③低智商不可能有高创造性④高智商可能有高创造性，也可能有低创造性

A. ①②
B. ⑧④
C. ①⑧
D. ②④

[单选题]提倡儿童中心论的典型人物是( )。

A. 华生
B. 杜威
C. 柏拉图
D. 洛克

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