针对一块园地，园艺师们提出了如下建议：(1)牡丹、芍药至多种植

【名词&注释】

循序渐进、传统教育(traditional education)、认知结构(cognitive structure)、教育问题(education problem)、发展过程、《理想国》、符合实际(conform to reality)、"一刀切"、得出结论(conclusion that)、文章主题

[单选题]针对一块园地，园艺师们提出了如下建议：(1)牡丹、芍药至多种植一种；(2)如果种植芍药，则不能种植蝴蝶兰或者玫瑰；(3)牡丹、玫瑰至少种植一种。实际种植时，上述三条建议只有一条被采纳。根据以上陈述，以下最可能符合实际^{(conform to reality)}种植情况的是( )。

A. 牡丹、芍药和玫瑰均种
B. 种植芍药，但不种蝴蝶兰、玫瑰
C. 芍药、蝴蝶兰和玫瑰均种
D. 种植蝴蝶兰，但不种植玫瑰、芍药

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学习资料：

[单选题]在教育史上，最早运用"产婆术"教导学生的教育家是( )

A. 洛克
B. 柏拉图
C. 赫尔巴特
D. 苏格拉底

[单选题]下列关于教育家及其著作的说法，正确的是( )。

A. 1903年出版的《实验教育学》的作者是德国的梅伊曼
B. 孔子的《论语》是我国最早专门论述教育问题的著作
C. 赫尔巴特的《普通教育学》是近代最早的一部教育学著作
D. 美国教育家杜威是实用主义的代表人物，其代表作是《民主主义与教育》

[单选题]"循序渐进"教学原则是根据人的身心发展( )特点提出来。

A. 阶段性
B. 个别差异性
C. 不平衡性
D. 顺序性

[单选题]下位学习包括派生类属学习和( )。

A. 知识学习
B. 相关类属学习
C. 并列结合学习
D. 符号学习

[单选题]When you pick up a newspaper, you read through the headlines, titles and subtitles quickly to get a general idea about what is written on the page and find out if there is anything interesting there. This skill is called ________.

A. scanning
B. skimming
C. inferring
D. predicting

[单选题] Man still has a lot to learn about the most powerful and complex part of his body-the brain. In ancient times men did not think that the brain was the center of mental activity. Aristotle, the philosopher of ancient Greece, thought that the mind was based in the heart. It was not until the 18th century that man realized that the whole of the brain was involved in the workings of the mind. During the 19th century scientists found that when certain parts of the brain were damaged, men lost the ability to do certain things. And so, people thought that each part of the brain controlled a different activity. But modern research has found that this is not so. It is not easy to say exactly what each part of the brain does. In the past 50 years there has been a great increase in the amount of research being done on the brain. Chemists and biologists have found that the way the brain works is far more complicated than they had thought. In fact many people believe that we are only now really starting to learn the truth about how the human brain works. The more scientists find out, the more questions they are unable to answer. For instance, chemists have found that over 100,000 chemical reactions take place in the brain every second. Mathematicians who have tried to use computers to copy the way the brain works have found that even using the latest electronic equipment they would have to build a computer which weighed over 10,000 kilos. Some recent research also suggests that we remember everything that happens to us. We may not be able to recall this information, but it is all stored in our brains. Scientists hope that if we can discover how the brain works, the better use we will be able to put it to For example, how do we learn language? Some children learn to speak, read and write when they are very young compared to average children But scientists are not sure why this happens They are trying to find out whether there is something about the way we teach language to children which in fact prevents children from learning sooner.

What does the author mention in the history of the brain study?

A. Ancient people thought the brain was much more important than the heart.
B. Scientists in 19th century believe that all parts of the brain work together to control one activity.
C. Aristotle thought that our heart is the controlling center of the activity.
D. People gradually noticed the importance of the brain over time.

[单选题]请阅读 Passage 2,完成 1~5小题。 　　Passage 2 　　Scientists have been surprised at how deeply culture-the language we speak,the values we absorb-shapes the brain,and are rethinking findings derived from studies of Westerners.To take one recent example,a region behind the forehead called the medial prefrontal cortex supposedly represents the self: it is active when we ( "we" being the Americans in the study) think of our own identity and traits.But with Chinese volunteers,the results were strikingly different.The "me" circuit hummed not only when they thought whether a particular adjective described themselves,but also when they considered whether it described their mother.The Westerners showed no such overlap between self and mom.Depending whether one lives in a culture that views the self as autonomous and unique or as connected to and part of a larger whole,this neural circuit takes on quite different functions. 　　"Cultural neuroscience" ,as this new field is calleD.is about discovering such differences.Some of the findings,as with the "me/mom" circuit,buttress longstanding notions of cultural differences.For instance,it is a cultural cliche that Westerners focus on individual objects while East Asians pay attention to context and background (another manifestation of the individualism-collectivism split).Sure enough,when shown complex,busy scenes,Asian-Americans and non-Asian-Americans recruited different brain regions.The Asians showed more activity in areas that process figure-ground relations-holistic context-while the Americans showed more activity in regions that recognize objects. 　　Psychologist Nalini Ambady of Tufts found something similar when she and colleagues showed drawings of people in a submissive pose (head down,shoulders hunched) or a dominant one (arms crosseD.face forward) to Japanese and Americans.The brain's dopamine-fueled reward circuit became most active at the sight of the stance-dominant for Americans,submissive for Japanese-that each volunteer's culture most values,they reported in 2009.This raises an obvious chicken-and-egg question,but the smart money is on culture shaping the brain,not vice versa.Cultural neuroscience wouldn't be making waves if it found neurobiological bases only for well-known cultural differences.It is also uncovering the unexpected.For instance,a 2006 study found that native Chinese speakers use a different region of the brain to do simple arithmetic (3 + 4) or decide which number is larger than native English speakers do,even though both use Arabic numerals.The Chinese use the circuits that process visual and spatial information and plan movements (the latter may be related to the use of the abacus).But English speakers use language circuits.It is as if the West conceives numbers as just words,but the East imbues them with symboliC.spatial freight.(Insert cliche about Asian math geniuses.) "One would think that neural processes involvng basic mathematical computations are universal," says Ambady,but they "seem to be culture-specific". 　　Not to be the skunk at this party,but I thunk it's important to ask whether neuroscience reveals anything more than we already know from,say,anthropology.For instance,it's well known that East Asian cultures prize the collective over the individual,and that Americans do the opposite.Does identifying brain correlates of those values offer any extra insight? After all,it's not as if anyone thought those values are the result of something in the liver. 　　Ambady thinks cultural neuro-science does advance understanding.Take the me/mom finding,which,she argues,"attests to the strength of the overlap between self and people close to you in collectivistic cultures and the separation in individualistic cultures.It is important to push the analysis to the level of the brain." Especially when it shows how fundamental cultural differences are-so fundamental,perhaps,that "universal" notions such as human rights,democracy,and the like may be no such thing.

Why does the author cite the findings ofprevious studies in Paragraph 3?

A. To introduce a new topic.
B. To place a topic in a larger context.
C. To discuss a solution to a certain problem.
D. To provide empirical data to confirm a prior belief.

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