简述知觉的基本特征。

【名词&注释】

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[多选题]简述知觉的基本特征。

A. 参考答案 (1)选择性 (2)整体性 (3)理解性 (4)恒常性

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学习资料：

[单选题]下列心理学家与其理论相匹配的是( )。

A. 桑代克一顿悟说
B. 斯金纳一发现学习理论
C. 苛勒一试误说
D. 奥苏伯尔一有意义接受学习理论

[单选题]根据艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线，为了学习效果更好，学生应该( )。

A. 分散复习
B. 集中复习
C. 及时复习
D. 过度复习

[单选题]学校产生所需要的三个基本条件是( )。

A. 校舍、教师、学生
B. 设施、师资、教材
C. 教师、学生、教材
D. 剩余劳动、社会需要、文字

[多选题]教学的任务就是向学生传授知识。

A. 参考答案 题干中的说法是错误的。我国现阶段的教学任务包括传授系统的科学基础知识和基本技能，这是教学的首要任务;发展学生的智力、体力和创造才能;培养社会主义品德和审美情趣，奠定学生的科学世界观基础;关注学生的个性发展等四项任务。因此，教学的任务就是向学生传授知识，说法是错误的。

[单选题]What kind of curriculum evaluation does the new curriculum reform advocate?

A. Basing on the process, promoting the development.
B. Emphasis on new ways of learning.
C. Emphasis on the function of selection.
D. Emphasis on students' learning.

[单选题]请阅读Passage 2，完成1~5小题。 　　Passage 2 　　Several research teams have found that newborns prefer their mothers' voices over those of other people.Now a team of scientists has gone an intriguing step further: they have found that newborns cry in their native language."We have provided evidence that language begins with the very first cry melodies," says Kathleen Wermke of the University of Wurzburg,Germany,who led the research. 　　"The dramatic finding of this study is that not only are newborns capable of producing different cry melodies,but they prefer to produce those melody patterns that are typical for the ambient language they have heard during their fetal life,within the last trimester," said Wermke."Contrary to orthodox interpretations,these data support the importance of human infants' crying for seeding language development." 　　It had been thought that babies' cries are constrained by their breathing patterns and respiratory apparatus,in which case a crying baby would sound like a crying baby no matter what the culture is,since babies are anatomically identical."The prevailing opinion used to be that newborns could not actively influence their production of sound." says Wermke.This study refutes that claim: since babies cry in different languages,they must have some control (presumably unconscious) over what they sound like rather than being constrained by the acoustical properties of their lungs,throat,mouth,and larynx.If respiration alone dictated what a cry sounded like,all babies would cry with a falling-pitch pattern,since that's what happens as you run out of breath and air pressure on the throat's sound-making machinery decreases.French babies apparently didn't get that memo."German and French infants produce different types of cries,even though they share the same physiology," the scientists point out."The French newborns produce 'nonphysiological' rising patterns," showing that the sound of their cries is under their control. 　　Although phonemes—speech sounds such as "ki" or "sh"—don't cross the abdominal barrier and reach the fetus,so-called prosodic characteristics of speech do.These are the variations in pitch,rhythm,and intensity that characterize each language.Just as newboms remember and prefer actual songs that they heard in utero,it seems,so they remember and prefer both the sound of Mom's voice and the melodic signature of her language. 　　The idea of the study wasn't to make the sound of a screaming baby more interesting to listeners-good luck with that-but to explore how babies acquire speech.That acquisition,it is now clear,begins months before birth,probably in the third trimester.Newborns "not only have memorized the main intonation pattems of their respective surrounding language but are also able to reproduce these pattems in their own　［sound］　production," conclude the scientists.Newborns' "cries are already tuned toward their native language" ,giving them a head start on sounding French or German (or,presumably,English or American or Chinese or anything else: the scientists are collecting cries from more languages).This is likely part of the explanation for how babies develop spoken language quickly and seemingly without effort.Sure,we may come into the world wired for language (thank you,Noam Chomsky),but we also benefit from the environmental exposure that tells us which language. 　　Until this study,scientists thought that babies became capable of vocal imitation no earlier than 12 weeks of age.That's when infants listening to an adult speaker producing vowels can parrot the sound.But that's the beginning of true speech.It's sort of amazing that it took this long for scientists to realize that if they want to see what sounds babies can perceive,remember,and play back,they should look at the sound babies produce best.So let the little angel cry: she's practicing to acquire language.

Why do German and French babies produce different types of cries according to the research?

A. Because they can control what they hear.
B. Because they can control their different breathing patterns.
C. Because they don't share the same physiological structure.
D. Because they can somehow control their sound production.

[单选题]Which of the following would a teacher encourage students to do in order to develop their cognitive strategies?

A. To make a study plan.
B. To summarize a story.
C. To read a text alouD.
D. To do pattern drills.

[单选题]被称为"现代教育心理学之父"的心理学家是( )。

A. 班杜拉
B. 桑代克
C. 斯金纳
D. 华生

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