板书设计的作用是什么(8分)?板书的类型有哪些(列举至少三种并说

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[多选题]板书设计的作用是什么(8分)?板书的类型有哪些(列举至少三种并说明)(12分)?

A. 规范、工整、美观的板书不但具有示范作用，还能使学生以愉悦的心境感知、理解、记忆，提高学习效率。板书设计合理与否直接影响学生对教师教学意图的理解和对教学重点、难点的把握，直接影响学生的课堂学习效率。科学合理的板书设计可以使一节课的重点、难点一目了然，使教学内容条理清楚，不但能够提高视觉记忆效果，还能引导学生思路，启发学生进行高水平创造性思维。 　　根据板书的内容和结构，英语板书可分为线索式、提纲式、表格式、流程式板书等。 　　(1)线索式板书是根据教学内容，用表示时间、地点、人物、事件、原因、结果等的关键词为板书主线进行的板书设计。 　　(2)提纲式板书是按顺序对具有纲目作用的教学内容要点进行板书。 　　(3)表格式板书是用表格呈现重点内容或课文的篇章结构。 　　(4)流程式板书是用文字、线条和关系框图等将分散的相关知识或内容按流程顺序进行排列，以揭示教学内容系统中的若干要素及其联系。

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[单选题] The use of deferential language is symbolic of the Confucian ideal of the woman, which dominates conservative gender norms in Japan. This ideal presents a woman who withdraws quietly to the background, subordinating her life and needs to those of her family and its male head. She is a dutiful daughter, wife, and mother, master of the domestic arts. The typical refined Japanese woman excels in modesty and delicacy; she "treads softly in the world," elevating feminine beauty and grace to an art form. Nowadays, it is commonly observed that young women are not conforming to the feminine linguistic ideal. They are using fewer of the very deferential "women's" forms, and even using the few strong forms that are known as "men's." This, of course, attracts considerable attention and has led to an outcry in the Japanese media against the defeminization of women's language. Indeed, we didn't hear about "men's language" until people began to respond to girls' appropriation of forms normally reserved for boys and men. There is considerable sentiment about the "corruption" of women's language-which of course is viewed as part of the loss of feminine ideals and morality-and this sentiment is crystallized by nationwide opinion polls that are regularly camed out by the media. Yoshiko Matsumoto has argued that young women probably never used as many of the highly deferential forms as older women. This highly polite style is no doubt something that young women have been expected to "grow into"-after all, it is assign not simply of femininity, but of maturity and refinement, and its use could be taken to indicate a change in the nature of one's social relations as well. One might well imagine little girls using exceedingly polite forms when playing house or imitating older women-in a fashion analogous to little girls' use of a high-pitched voice to do "teacher talk" or "mother talk" in role play. The fact that young Japanese women are using less deferential language is a sure sign of change-of social change and of linguistic change. But it is most certainly not a sign of the "masculization" of girls. In some instances, it may be a sign that girls are making the same claim to authority as boys and men, but that is very different from saying that they are trying to be "masculine." Katsue Reynolds has argued that girls nowadays are using more assertive language strategies in order to be able to compete with boys in schools arid out. Social change also brings not simply different positions for women and girls, but different relations to life stages, and adolescent girls are participating in new sub-cultural forms. Thus what may, to an older speaker, seem like "masculine" speech may seem to an adolescent like "liberated" or "hip" speech.

The highly polite style ________ according to Yoshiko Matsumoto.

A. may lead to changes in social relations
B. has been true of all past generations
C. is viewed as a sign of their maturity
D. is a result of rapid social progress

[单选题]把大班教学、小班研究和个别教学三种教学形式结合起来的教学组织形式是( )。

A. 道尔顿制
B. 特朗普制
C. 班级授课制
D. 分组教学制

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